Symptom The most commonly isolated Fusarium species are F. semitectum and F. moniliforme , and grain infected with these fungi develop a fluffy white or pinkish coloration. Curvularia lunata is also frequently encountered and this fungus colors the grains blac

Many lesions may develop close together and coalesce to kill large portions of the leaf. Mid-rib infection often occurs and is seen as elongate-elliptical red or purple lesions on which the black acervuli can be clearly seen. Infected stems when split open sho

Symptom The pustules are elliptical and parallel with the leaf veins. In highly susceptible cultivars the pustules occur so densely that almost the entire leaf tissue is destroyed. The pustules are elliptical and parallel with the leaf veins. In highly suscept

Symptoms Abundant downy white growth is produced nocturnally on the under surfaces of infected portions of leaves during humid weather Management Rogue infected plants up to 45 days of sowing Spray any one of the fungicides like Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 500 g or M

Symptoms The sori, which vary in length from 3 to 18 mm, is the solid long black (often curved) pointed columella which extends almost the full length of the sorus and which remains conspicuous after the smut spores have been blown away. Management Seed treatm

Symptoms Relatively small proportion of the florets are infected. The sori or spore sacs are cylindrical, elongate, usually slightly curved with a relatively thick creamy-brown covering membrane. Management Seed treatment with Carboxin (Vitavax) @ 2g/kg or Cap

Symptoms The individual grains are replaced by smut sori. Sori are covered with creamy skin. Sori can be localized at a particular part of the head, or can occur over the entire inflorescence. Ratoon crops exhibit a higher disease incidence Management Seed tre

Symptoms The entire ear head is either completely or partially replaced by a large whitish gall. The spores are blown away, exposing the dark filaments Management In the areas where the disease occurs commonly, the best practice is to plant resistant cultivars