Symptom : Greyish white powdery growth appears on the leaf , sheath, stem and floral parts. Powdery growth later become black lesion and cause drying of leaves and other parts. LIFE CYCLE Management: Management: Spray Wettable sulphur 0.2% or Carbendazim @ 500

Symptom : The entire inflorescence, except the rachis, is replaced by masses of smut spores. These black teliospores often are blown away by the wind, leaving only the bare rachis and remnants of other floral structures. LIFE CYCLE Management: Management: Trea

Source of Microscopic images: Diseases of small grain cereal crops- A colour handbook by TD Murray, DW Parry and ND Cattlin

Symptom : Pustules (containing masses of urediospores) are dark reddish brown - occur on both sides of the leaves, on the stems, and on the spikes Pustules are usually separate and scattered, heavy infections -coalesce Prior to pustule formation, "flecks" may

Symptom : The postules are circular or slightly elliptical, smaller than those of stem rust, usually do not coalesce, and contain masses of orange to orange-brown Urediospores Infection sites primarily are found on the upper surfaces of leaves and leaf sheaths

Angular Leaf Spot: Pseudomonas lachrymans Symptoms Symptoms of the disease firsts appear as small, angular, water-soaked lesions on the leaves. When moisture is present, bacteria ooze from the spot in tear like droplets that dry and form a white residue on the

Downy mildew: Pseudoperonospora cubensis Symptoms Itoccurs on cucumbers, squash, muskmelons, and pumpkins and less frequently on watermelons. On cucurbits other than watermelons, small, yellowish areas occur on the upper leaf surface. Later a more brilliant ye

Alternaria Blight: Alternaria cucumerina Symptoms It usually occurs on foliage during the middle of the growing season. The disease starts as small, yellow spots which enlarge to form concentric rings on the upper leaf surfaces. Muskmelons are more susceptible

Powdery mildew: Erysiphe cichoracearum Symptoms It attacks muskmelons, squash, cucumbers, gourds, and pumpkins. It is evident as a superficial, powdery, grayish-white growth on upper leaf surfaces, petioles, and even main stems of infected plants. Affected are

Unlike bacterial wilt, which can occur any time during the season, sudden wilt generally occurs late in the season and is closely associated with a heavy fruit load on the plant. Cucumbers and melons appear to be most sensitive to sudden wilt. Initial symptoms

Anthracnose Colletotrichum orbiculare (= C. lagenarium) Symptoms The diagnostic features of anthracnose vary with the host. Sunken, elongated stem cankers are most prominent on muskmelon, though leaf and fruit lesions also occur. Large lesions girdle the stems

Fusarium Wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis attacks muskmelon and Fusarium oxysporom f. sp. niveum attacks watermelon.

Bacterial Wilt: Erwinia tracheiphila Symptoms On cucumber and melon, generally a distinct flagging of lateral and individual leaves occurs. Affected leaves turn a dull green. Sometimes wilting occurs on leaves that have been injured by cucumber beetles' feedin

Gummy Stem Blight: Mycosphaerella melonis Symptoms Infected stems first appear water-soaked and then become dry, coarse and tan. Older stem lesions (dead tissue) reveal small black fruiting bodies (pycnidia) within the affected tissues. Large lesions girdle st

Symptoms of damage: Caterpillar feed on the leaves Defoliation Identification of pest: Larvae: Early stage larva resembles bird dropping. Grown up larva – cylindrical, stout, green and brown lateral bond Adult: Dark brown swallowtail butterfly with numerous ye

Caterpillar bores into young fruits and feeds on internal contents (pulp and seeds) Fruit rotting and dropping Identification of pest Larvae: Dark brown, short and stout, covered with short hairs Adult: Bluish brown butterfly, female has V shaped patch on fore

To prevent the chances of multiplication of these fungi and spread of these diseases, the following should be adhered to ,

Shoot tip rot : Fusarium, Sclerotium Symptoms Decaying of shoot tip and leaves at the tip Management Spray 0.1% Carbendazim at 15 days interval. Decaying of shoot tip and leaves at the tip Management Spray 0.1% Carbendazim at 15 days interval.

Bean rot : Phytophthora sp. Symptoms Rotting and shedding of beans Management Spray 0.1% Carbendazim and 1 % Bordeaux mixture alternatively at weekly intervals Rotting and shedding of beans Management Spray 0.1% Carbendazim and 1 % Bordeaux mixture alternative

Stem rot: Fusarium sp . Symptoms Water soaked lesions giving stem a brown coloured appearance resulting in rotting of tissues, leaves turning yellowish and drying off. Management Cut and remove the affected portion Spray 0.2% Carbendazim, repeat spray after on

Browning of roots leading to rotting and decay. Yellowing of leaves, stem and leaves becoming flaccid, shriveled and giving a drooping appearance. Management Cut and remove the affected roots, reduce mulch. Soil drench and spray the plant with 0.2 % Copper oxy

Symptoms of damage : Leaves become rolled up Turn pale and gradually dry-up Identification of pest: Adult is with fringed wings Management: Spray insecticides like quinalphos 0.025% or phosalone 0.07%

Symptoms of damage : Leaves become folded or rolled longitudinally Complete defoliation Larva: is smooth green with black head Adult It is brownish black butterfly Forewing : has a white spots Hind wing: has a large white patch Management: A spray with carbary

Field infestation Field infestation Plants look devitalized, pale and withered before drying completely. In such cases at the time of harvest minute yellowish crawlers can be seen moving in large numbers and this is the potential stage of dissemination. Plants

Yellowing and drying of leaves of infested pseudostems. The presence of a bore-hole on the pseudostem through which frass is extruded and the withered and yellow central shoot Egg : is pink, oval, flat and lays singly or in group on the tender part of the plan

Symptoms In infected plants, basal portion of the shoots appear watery and soft. The root system is very much reduced The leaves exhibit gradual drying along the margin Infected rhizomes soft, rotted, color changes into different shades of brown Management Use

The spots of 1-2mm diameter appear in more numbers, covering both sides of leaf. The attacked leaf presents a reddish brown appearance instead of the normal green colour. These spots coalesce to form irregular bigger patches. Management Field sanitation Spray

Leaf spot : Colletotrichum capsici Symptoms In affected leaves, elliptic or oblong spots with yellow halo are seen. The centre of spots are grayish white and then with numerous black dots in centre As the disease advances, the leaves dry up and give a scorched

Applying carbaryl dust (10%) in the soil before planting controls larvae

Rodents do considerable damage to tuberose plants in the field by making burrows.